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Application of superabsorbents in soil and its influence on plant growth
Závodská, Petra ; Kalina, Michal (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This thesis is focused on description of superabsorbents with controlled released of nutrients, specifically macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and kalium. Superabsorbents are polymers, mostly acrylic acid polymers, that can absorb huge amount of water without dissolving in it. In its structure they can hold water and thanks to this they are very perspective materials for agricultural usage. Experimental part was focused on growing corn with use of superabsorbents and control samples without use of superabsorbents. Plants were growth for 3 time periods, specifically 46, 60 and 74 days. During the experiments, plats were growth without water stress and in controlled conditions in growing box under UV lamp that simulated day and night by turning on and off after 12 hours. At the end, an image analysis was performed in HARFA program, from which we got information about branching of the roots. Results were supplemented by soil and plants analysis.
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Flame retardants and their penetration into the terrestrial ecosystem
Chytil, Václav ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This diploma thesis was focused on the analysis of four compounds from brominated flame retardants group, namely pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromocyclododecane, hexabromobenzene and tetrabromobisphenol A. Matrices were represented by four soil samples and four seat of fire samples. In addition, bisphenol A was also determined. First of all, process of extraction of analytes from matrices was optimized. Three different extraction techniques were tested (pressurized solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction). Next step was to verify stability of target compounds in strongly acidic conditions and to optimize clean-up of extract by column chromatography. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) was chosen as an appropriate analytical method for the determination of brominated flame retardants. Bisphenol A was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The derivatization of phenolic analytes before their final analytical determination was also essential.
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Speciation and fractionation analysis of metals in agricultural soils
Lepař, Petr ; Mládková, Zuzana (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the procedures and analytical techniques associated with speciation analysis and fractionation of metals in agricultural soils. The first part defines the basic concepts related to speciation, fractionation, soils and elements contained within it. The following chapters describe procedures of samples withdrawal and its adjustment including a description of some methods used for the purpose of extraction, fractionation and speciation analysis. The last chapter is devoted to listing of some separation techniques and instrumental methods used for the purposes of speciation and fractionation.
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Evaluation of environmental load by polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Roček, Richard ; Stoupalová, Michaela (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The target of my diploma thesis is evaluation of soil load by polybrominated diphenylethers. This is the soils, which were affected by fire and comparsion with load by soils, which were not affected by fire. In teoretical part available informations about BDE from various sources are processed. Target of practical part is find the optimal method for determination BDE, verification of her yield a determination of reals samples with using this method. In the end this thesis contains measured results, its interpetation in tables, graphes and evaluation of load by individual congeners. Key is comparsion load of soils, which were affected and which were not affected by fire. BDE are released during the fire and we can decide that soils which were caused by fire should be contaminated more, than soils, which were not caused by fire.
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Influence of pH on Extraction of Matter from Biochar-Soil Complex
Jakubčeková, Kristína ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Kalina, Michal (advisor)
Biochar is one of the possible solutions to improve the soil fertility, therefore it is necessary to investigate both its composition and the impact on the soil under various conditions. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to focus on the description of the influence of pH on the amount and type of substances (molecules, ions) that are leached from the biochar into the soil and thus consequently influence its properties. As a soil model it was chosen cambisol which is the most widespread soil in the Czech Republic. The selected pH values have been defined in such a way to cover the pH range that is common for various soil types in natural conditions. In the experimental part of this thesis the extracts from the used sample of biochar and soil were characterized first. These characteristics obtained in this way were subsequently compared with the data obtained for the biochar-soil complex extracts that was obtained after a defined period of cultivation of the mixture. For the characterization of extracts the basic physico-chemical methods (pH, conductivity, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis, UV-VIS) and also the analysis of leached ions and molecules by means of ICP/OES, GC-MS were used. Evaluated experimental data show that under the condition of cultivation experiments, the influence of biochar was observed only on the basic physico-chemical characteristics of the soil (mainly pH). On the other hand, there was no significant tendency of the impact of biochar on the representation of selected elements and on the content of organic matter in the soil. Long-term biochar-soil cultivation experiments could be a suitable solution.
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Use of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in soil
Brabcová, Kristýna ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The content of this master's thesis is an application of frequently used extraction method QuEChERS on soil or other samples like litter or manure containing fluoroquinolone antibiotics. In the theoretical part of this thesis are chapters describing drugs, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Fluoroquinolones are described in more details with their properties, appearance and behaviour in the environment. The last chapter is focused on analytical methods. In the experimental part of this thesis is chosen in accordance with available publications the most suitable extraction method. This method is tested and optimized on soil samples. The optimized method is applied on the real soil and poultry litter samples to determine the amount of ciprofloxacine and enrofloxacine. This extraction method is used on other fluoroquinolone antibiotics (norfloxacine, ofloxacine, pefloxacine, moxifloxacine) in soil. All of the samples were analyzed by LC-MS.
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Influence of biodegradable polymers microplastics on properties of soil organic matter
Denková, Pavla ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Kučerík, Jiří (advisor)
The microplastics contamination is an issue observed in all environmental compartments. Currently, the trend is to replace the synthetic polymers by biodegradable ones, which are expected to degrade faster due to omnipresent microorganisms. However, this assumption may not correspond with the reality. In nature, biodegradation can last long or not whatsoever and the microparticles of biodegradable polymers can remain in soil the same way as particles of synthetic polymers. The effect of microparticles of biodegradable polymers on soil´s biota has already been studied, but the effect on the properties of soil and water in the soil has not been elucidated yet. This thesis deals with the influence of microparticles of biodegradable plastics on the physico-chemical properties of soil organic matter, especially on the behavior of water in the soil system under arid and semiarid conditions. Microparticles of poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate), abbreviated as P3HB, were used as a model biodegradable polymer and were introduced into the soil in various concentrations. To determine the evaporation enthalpy of water and stability of water bridges that affect (stabilize) the physical and chemical structure of soil organic matter Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used. Simultaneously was also measured their effect on water holding capacity of soil organic matter. Under experimental conditions, P3HB microplastics were found to reduce evaporation enthalpy, which facilitates drying of soil organic matter. Nevertheless, their effect on final water holding capacity was relatively low. Besides, we observed a negative effect on the stability of water molecule bridge that connect segments of soil´s organic components. Thus, P3HB microparticles in soil could pose a risk due to their influence on the water retention mechanism in soil under arid and semiarid conditions.
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FTIR and NIR applications for soil analysis
Mešková, Michala ; Kučerík, Jiří (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This diploma thesis focuses on the use of infrared spectrometry methods for the analysis of soil samples. The aim of this work was to compare and analyze the soil using the ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) and DRIFTS (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) methods and to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods for soil analysis. The results showed that the ATR method is not sufficiently effective and the DRIFT method was used for soil analysis, which proved to be more suitable for the analysis of soil samples.
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